Waves are formed by relative motion of water with relation to wind. As winds blow across the surface of the sea, they pass their energy to water particles, causing them to move.
Caves occur when waves force their way into cracks in the cliff face. If the cave is formed in a headland, it may eventually break through to the other side forming an arch. When the arch collapses, it leaves the headland on one side and a stack (a tall column of rock) on the other side.
The stack will be attacked at the base in the same way that a wave cut notch is formed. This weakens the structure and it will eventually collapse to form a stump.
Destructive waves are created in storm conditions. Are created from big, strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time. They erode the coast. They have a short wave length and are high and steep.
Constructive waves are created in calm weather and are less powerful that destructive waves. Have a long wavelength, a low height.
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